Roland Atelier AT-90SL User Manual download pdf (Page 17)

6. Supplementary material

●Decimal and Hexadecimal table

(An `H’ is appended to the end of numbers in hexadecimal notation.)

In MIDI documentation, data values and addresses/sizes of Exclusive messages, etc. are

expressed as hexadecimal values for each 7 bits. The following table shows how these

correspond to decimal numbers.

The following table shows how these correspond to decimal numbers.

+——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————+

| Dec. | Hex. || Dec. | Hex. || Dec. | Hex. || Dec. | Hex. |

+——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————+

| 0 | 00H || 32 | 20H || 64 | 40H || 96 | 60H |

| 1 | 01H || 33 | 21H || 65 | 41H || 97 | 61H |

| 2 | 02H || 34 | 22H || 66 | 42H || 98 | 62H |

| 3 | 03H || 35 | 23H || 67 | 43H || 99 | 63H |

| 4 | 04H || 36 | 24H || 68 | 44H || 100 | 64H |

| 5 | 05H || 37 | 25H || 69 | 45H || 101 | 65H |

| 6 | 06H || 38 | 26H || 70 | 46H || 102 | 66H |

| 7 | 07H || 39 | 27H || 71 | 47H || 103 | 67H |

| 8 | 08H || 40 | 28H || 72 | 48H || 104 | 68H |

| 9 | 09H || 41 | 29H || 73 | 49H || 105 | 69H |

| 10 | 0AH || 42 | 2AH || 74 | 4AH || 106 | 6AH |

| 11 | 0BH || 43 | 2BH || 75 | 4BH || 107 | 6BH |

| 12 | 0CH || 44 | 2CH || 76 | 4CH || 108 | 6CH |

| 13 | 0DH || 45 | 2DH || 77 | 4DH || 109 | 6DH |

| 14 | 0EH || 46 | 2EH || 78 | 4EH || 110 | 6EH |

| 15 | 0FH || 47 | 2FH || 79 | 4FH || 111 | 6FH |

| 16 | 10H || 48 | 30H || 80 | 50H || 112 | 70H |

| 17 | 11H || 49 | 31H || 81 | 51H || 113 | 71H |

| 18 | 12H || 50 | 32H || 82 | 52H || 114 | 72H |

| 19 | 13H || 51 | 33H || 83 | 53H || 115 | 73H |

| 20 | 14H || 52 | 34H || 84 | 54H || 116 | 74H |

| 21 | 15H || 53 | 35H || 85 | 55H || 117 | 75H |

| 22 | 16H || 54 | 36H || 86 | 56H || 118 | 76H |

| 23 | 17H || 55 | 37H || 87 | 57H || 119 | 77H |

| 24 | 18H || 56 | 38H || 88 | 58H || 120 | 78H |

| 25 | 19H || 57 | 39H || 89 | 59H || 121 | 79H |

| 26 | 1AH || 58 | 3AH || 90 | 5AH || 122 | 7AH |

| 27 | 1BH || 69 | 3BH || 91 | 5BH || 123 | 7BH |

| 28 | 1CH || 60 | 3CH || 92 | 5CH || 124 | 7CH |

| 29 | 1DH || 61 | 3DH || 93 | 5DH || 125 | 7DH |

| 30 | 1EH || 62 | 3EH || 94 | 5EH || 126 | 7EH |

| 31 | 1FH || 63 | 3FH || 95 | 5FH || 127 | 7FH |

+——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————+

* Decimal values such as MIDI channel, bank select, and program change are listed as one

(1) greater than the values given in the above table.

*A 7-bit byte can express data in the range of 128 steps. For data where greater precision

is required, we must use two or more bytes. For example, two hexadecimal numbers aa

bbH expressing two 7-bit bytes would indicate a value of aa x 128 + bb.

* In the case of values which have a ± sign, 00H = -64, 40H = ± 0, and 7FH = +63, so that

the decimal expression would be 64 less than the value given in the above chart. In the

case of two types, 00 00H = -8192, 40 00H = ±0, and 7F 7FH = +8191. For example if aa

bbH were expressed as decimal, this would be aa bbH - 40 00H = aa x 128 + bb - 64 x 128.

* Data marked “nibbled” is expressed in hexadecimal in 4-bit units. A value expressed as a

2-byte nibble 0a 0bH has the value of a x 16 + b.

<Example1> What is the decimal expression of 5AH?

From the preceding table, 5AH = 90

<Example2> What is the decimal expression of the value 12 34H given as

hexadecimal for each 7 bits?

From the preceding table, since 12H = 18 and 34H = 52

18 x 128 + 52 = 2356

<Example3> What is the decimal expression of the nibbled value 0A 03

09 0D?

From the preceding table, since 0AH = 10, 03H = 3, 09H = 9, 0DH = 13

((10 x 16 + 3) x 16 + 9) x 16 + 13 = 41885

<Example4> What is the nibbled expression of the decimal value 1258?

16) 1258

16) 78 ... 10

16) 4 ... 14

0 ... 4

Since from the preceding table, 0 = 00H, 4 = 04H, 14 = 0EH, 10 = 0AH, the answer is 00 04 0E

0AH.

●Examples of actual MIDI messages

<Example1> 95 3E 5F

9n is the Note-on status, and n is the MIDI channel number. Since 5H = 5, 3EH = 62, and

5FH = 95, this is a Note-on message with MIDI CH = 6, note number 62 (note name is D4),

and velocity 95.

<Example2> CE 49

CnH is the Program Change status, and n is the MIDI channel number. Since EH = 14 and

49H = 73, this is a Program Change message with MIDI CH = 15, program number 74 (Flute

in GS).

<Example3> EB 00 28

EnH is the Pitch Bend Change status, and n is the MIDI channel number. The 2nd byte (00H

= 0) is the LSB and the 3rd byte (28H = 40) is the MSB, but Pitch Bend Value is a signed

number in which 40 00H (= 64 x 128 + 0 = 8192) is 0, so this Pitch Bend Value is

28 00H - 40 00H = 40 x 128 + 0 - (64 x 128 + 0) = 5120 - 8192 = -3072

If the Pitch Bend Sensitivity is set to 2 semitones, -8192 (00 00H) will cause the pitch to

change -200 cents, so in this case -200 x (-3072) / (-8192) = -75 cents of Pitch Bend is being

applied to MIDI channel 12.

<Example4> B6 64 00 65 00 06 0C 26 00 64 7F 65 7F

BnH is the Control Change status, and n is the MIDI channel number. For Control Changes,

the 2nd byte is the control number, and the 3rd byte is the value. In a case in which two or

more messages consecutive messages have the same status, MIDI has a provision called

“running status” which allows the status byte of the second and following messages to be

omitted. Thus, the above messages have the following meaning.

B6 64 00 MIDI ch.7, lower byte of RPN parameter number: 00H

(B6) 65 00 (MIDI ch.7) upper byte of RPN parameter number: 00H

(B6) 06 0C (MIDI ch.7) upper byte of parameter value: 0CH

(B6) 26 00 (MIDI ch.7) lower byte of parameter value: 00H

(B6) 64 7F (MIDI ch.7) lower byte of RPN parameter number: 7FH

(B6) 65 7F (MIDI ch.7) upper byte of RPN parameter number: 7FH

In other words, the above messages specify a value of 0C 00H for RPN parameter number

00 00H on MIDI channel 4, and then set the RPN parameter number to 7F 7FH.

RPN parameter number 00 00H is Pitch Bend Sensitivity, and the MSB of the value indicates

semitone units, so a value of 0CH = 12 sets the maximum pitch bend range to ±12 semitones

(1 octave). (On this instrument the LSB of Pitch Bend Sensitivity is ignored, but the LSB

should be transmitted anyway (with a value of 0) so that operation will be correct on any

device.)

Once the parameter number has been specified for RPN or NRPN, all Data Entry messages

transmitted on that same channel will be valid, so after the desired value has been

transmitted, it is a good idea to set the parameter number to 7F 7FH to prevent accidents.

This is the reason for the (B6) 64 7F (B6) 65 7F at the end.

It is not desirable for performance data (such as Standard MIDI File data) to contain many

events with running status as given in <Example 4>. This is because if playback is halted

during the song and then rewound or fast-forwarded, the sequencer may not be able to

transmit the correct status, and the sound source will then misinterpret the data. Take care

to give each event its own status.

It is also necessary that the RPN or NRPN parameter number setting and the value setting

be done in the proper order. On some sequencers, events occurring in the same (or

consecutive) clock may be transmitted in an order different than the order in which they

were received. For this reason it is a good idea to slightly skew the time of each event (about

1 tick for TPQN = 96, and about 5 ticks for TPQN = 480).

TPQN: Ticks Per Quarter Note

Example of an Exclusive message and calculating a Checksum

Roland Exclusive messages are transmitted with a checksum at the end (before F7) to make

sure that the message was correctly received. The value of the checksum is determined by

the address and data (or size) of the transmitted exclusive message.

How to calculate the checksum (hexadecimal numbers are indicated by `H’)

The checksum is a value derived by adding the address, size and checksum itself and

inverting the lower 7 bits.

Here’s an example of how the checksum is calculated. We will assume that in the exclusive

message we are transmitting, the address is aa bb ccH and the data or size is dd ee ffH.

aa + bb + cc + dd + ee + ff = sum

sum / 128 = quotient ... remainder

128 - remainder = checksum

1 2 ... 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ... 29 30

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